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- """Random variable generators.
-
- integers
- --------
- uniform within range
-
- sequences
- ---------
- pick random element
- generate random permutation
-
- distributions on the real line:
- ------------------------------
- uniform
- normal (Gaussian)
- lognormal
- negative exponential
- gamma
- beta
-
- distributions on the circle (angles 0 to 2pi)
- ---------------------------------------------
- circular uniform
- von Mises
-
- Translated from anonymously contributed C/C++ source.
-
- Multi-threading note: the random number generator used here is not thread-
- safe; it is possible that two calls return the same random value. However,
- you can instantiate a different instance of Random() in each thread to get
- generators that don't share state, then use .setstate() and .jumpahead() to
- move the generators to disjoint segments of the full period. For example,
-
- def create_generators(num, delta, firstseed=None):
- ""\"Return list of num distinct generators.
- Each generator has its own unique segment of delta elements from
- Random.random()'s full period.
- Seed the first generator with optional arg firstseed (default is
- None, to seed from current time).
- ""\"
-
- from random import Random
- g = Random(firstseed)
- result = [g]
- for i in range(num - 1):
- laststate = g.getstate()
- g = Random()
- g.setstate(laststate)
- g.jumpahead(delta)
- result.append(g)
- return result
-
- gens = create_generators(10, 1000000)
-
- That creates 10 distinct generators, which can be passed out to 10 distinct
- threads. The generators don't share state so can be called safely in
- parallel. So long as no thread calls its g.random() more than a million
- times (the second argument to create_generators), the sequences seen by
- each thread will not overlap.
-
- The period of the underlying Wichmann-Hill generator is 6,953,607,871,644,
- and that limits how far this technique can be pushed.
-
- Just for fun, note that since we know the period, .jumpahead() can also be
- used to "move backward in time":
-
- >>> g = Random(42) # arbitrary
- >>> g.random()
- 0.25420336316883324
- >>> g.jumpahead(6953607871644L - 1) # move *back* one
- >>> g.random()
- 0.25420336316883324
- """
- # XXX The docstring sucks.
-
- from math import log as _log, exp as _exp, pi as _pi, e as _e
- from math import sqrt as _sqrt, acos as _acos, cos as _cos, sin as _sin
- from math import floor as _floor
-
- __all__ = ["Random","seed","random","uniform","randint","choice",
- "randrange","shuffle","normalvariate","lognormvariate",
- "cunifvariate","expovariate","vonmisesvariate","gammavariate",
- "stdgamma","gauss","betavariate","paretovariate","weibullvariate",
- "getstate","setstate","jumpahead","whseed"]
-
- def _verify(name, computed, expected):
- if abs(computed - expected) > 1e-7:
- raise ValueError(
- "computed value for %s deviates too much "
- "(computed %g, expected %g)" % (name, computed, expected))
-
- NV_MAGICCONST = 4 * _exp(-0.5)/_sqrt(2.0)
- _verify('NV_MAGICCONST', NV_MAGICCONST, 1.71552776992141)
-
- TWOPI = 2.0*_pi
- _verify('TWOPI', TWOPI, 6.28318530718)
-
- LOG4 = _log(4.0)
- _verify('LOG4', LOG4, 1.38629436111989)
-
- SG_MAGICCONST = 1.0 + _log(4.5)
- _verify('SG_MAGICCONST', SG_MAGICCONST, 2.50407739677627)
-
- del _verify
-
- # Translated by Guido van Rossum from C source provided by
- # Adrian Baddeley.
-
- class Random:
- """Random number generator base class used by bound module functions.
-
- Used to instantiate instances of Random to get generators that don't
- share state. Especially useful for multi-threaded programs, creating
- a different instance of Random for each thread, and using the jumpahead()
- method to ensure that the generated sequences seen by each thread don't
- overlap.
-
- Class Random can also be subclassed if you want to use a different basic
- generator of your own devising: in that case, override the following
- methods: random(), seed(), getstate(), setstate() and jumpahead().
-
- """
-
- VERSION = 1 # used by getstate/setstate
-
- def __init__(self, x=None):
- """Initialize an instance.
-
- Optional argument x controls seeding, as for Random.seed().
- """
-
- self.seed(x)
-
- ## -------------------- core generator -------------------
-
- # Specific to Wichmann-Hill generator. Subclasses wishing to use a
- # different core generator should override the seed(), random(),
- # getstate(), setstate() and jumpahead() methods.
-
- def seed(self, a=None):
- """Initialize internal state from hashable object.
-
- None or no argument seeds from current time.
-
- If a is not None or an int or long, hash(a) is used instead.
-
- If a is an int or long, a is used directly. Distinct values between
- 0 and 27814431486575L inclusive are guaranteed to yield distinct
- internal states (this guarantee is specific to the default
- Wichmann-Hill generator).
- """
-
- if a is None:
- # Initialize from current time
- import time
- a = long(time.time() * 256)
-
- if type(a) not in (type(3), type(3L)):
- a = hash(a)
-
- a, x = divmod(a, 30268)
- a, y = divmod(a, 30306)
- a, z = divmod(a, 30322)
- self._seed = int(x)+1, int(y)+1, int(z)+1
-
- self.gauss_next = None
-
- def random(self):
- """Get the next random number in the range [0.0, 1.0)."""
-
- # Wichman-Hill random number generator.
- #
- # Wichmann, B. A. & Hill, I. D. (1982)
- # Algorithm AS 183:
- # An efficient and portable pseudo-random number generator
- # Applied Statistics 31 (1982) 188-190
- #
- # see also:
- # Correction to Algorithm AS 183
- # Applied Statistics 33 (1984) 123
- #
- # McLeod, A. I. (1985)
- # A remark on Algorithm AS 183
- # Applied Statistics 34 (1985),198-200
-
- # This part is thread-unsafe:
- # BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION
- x, y, z = self._seed
- x = (171 * x) % 30269
- y = (172 * y) % 30307
- z = (170 * z) % 30323
- self._seed = x, y, z
- # END CRITICAL SECTION
-
- # Note: on a platform using IEEE-754 double arithmetic, this can
- # never return 0.0 (asserted by Tim; proof too long for a comment).
- return (x/30269.0 + y/30307.0 + z/30323.0) % 1.0
-
- def getstate(self):
- """Return internal state; can be passed to setstate() later."""
- return self.VERSION, self._seed, self.gauss_next
-
- def setstate(self, state):
- """Restore internal state from object returned by getstate()."""
- version = state[0]
- if version == 1:
- version, self._seed, self.gauss_next = state
- else:
- raise ValueError("state with version %s passed to "
- "Random.setstate() of version %s" %
- (version, self.VERSION))
-
- def jumpahead(self, n):
- """Act as if n calls to random() were made, but quickly.
-
- n is an int, greater than or equal to 0.
-
- Example use: If you have 2 threads and know that each will
- consume no more than a million random numbers, create two Random
- objects r1 and r2, then do
- r2.setstate(r1.getstate())
- r2.jumpahead(1000000)
- Then r1 and r2 will use guaranteed-disjoint segments of the full
- period.
- """
-
- if not n >= 0:
- raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")
- x, y, z = self._seed
- x = int(x * pow(171, n, 30269)) % 30269
- y = int(y * pow(172, n, 30307)) % 30307
- z = int(z * pow(170, n, 30323)) % 30323
- self._seed = x, y, z
-
- def __whseed(self, x=0, y=0, z=0):
- """Set the Wichmann-Hill seed from (x, y, z).
-
- These must be integers in the range [0, 256).
- """
-
- if not type(x) == type(y) == type(z) == type(0):
- raise TypeError('seeds must be integers')
- if not (0 <= x < 256 and 0 <= y < 256 and 0 <= z < 256):
- raise ValueError('seeds must be in range(0, 256)')
- if 0 == x == y == z:
- # Initialize from current time
- import time
- t = long(time.time() * 256)
- t = int((t&0xffffff) ^ (t>>24))
- t, x = divmod(t, 256)
- t, y = divmod(t, 256)
- t, z = divmod(t, 256)
- # Zero is a poor seed, so substitute 1
- self._seed = (x or 1, y or 1, z or 1)
-
- self.gauss_next = None
-
- def whseed(self, a=None):
- """Seed from hashable object's hash code.
-
- None or no argument seeds from current time. It is not guaranteed
- that objects with distinct hash codes lead to distinct internal
- states.
-
- This is obsolete, provided for compatibility with the seed routine
- used prior to Python 2.1. Use the .seed() method instead.
- """
-
- if a is None:
- self.__whseed()
- return
- a = hash(a)
- a, x = divmod(a, 256)
- a, y = divmod(a, 256)
- a, z = divmod(a, 256)
- x = (x + a) % 256 or 1
- y = (y + a) % 256 or 1
- z = (z + a) % 256 or 1
- self.__whseed(x, y, z)
-
- ## ---- Methods below this point do not need to be overridden when
- ## ---- subclassing for the purpose of using a different core generator.
-
- ## -------------------- pickle support -------------------
-
- def __getstate__(self): # for pickle
- return self.getstate()
-
- def __setstate__(self, state): # for pickle
- self.setstate(state)
-
- ## -------------------- integer methods -------------------
-
- def randrange(self, start, stop=None, step=1, int=int, default=None):
- """Choose a random item from range(start, stop[, step]).
-
- This fixes the problem with randint() which includes the
- endpoint; in Python this is usually not what you want.
- Do not supply the 'int' and 'default' arguments.
- """
-
- # This code is a bit messy to make it fast for the
- # common case while still doing adequate error checking.
- istart = int(start)
- if istart != start:
- raise ValueError, "non-integer arg 1 for randrange()"
- if stop is default:
- if istart > 0:
- return int(self.random() * istart)
- raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange()"
-
- # stop argument supplied.
- istop = int(stop)
- if istop != stop:
- raise ValueError, "non-integer stop for randrange()"
- if step == 1 and istart < istop:
- try:
- return istart + int(self.random()*(istop - istart))
- except OverflowError:
- # This can happen if istop-istart > sys.maxint + 1, and
- # multiplying by random() doesn't reduce it to something
- # <= sys.maxint. We know that the overall result fits
- # in an int, and can still do it correctly via math.floor().
- # But that adds another function call, so for speed we
- # avoided that whenever possible.
- return int(istart + _floor(self.random()*(istop - istart)))
- if step == 1:
- raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange()"
-
- # Non-unit step argument supplied.
- istep = int(step)
- if istep != step:
- raise ValueError, "non-integer step for randrange()"
- if istep > 0:
- n = (istop - istart + istep - 1) / istep
- elif istep < 0:
- n = (istop - istart + istep + 1) / istep
- else:
- raise ValueError, "zero step for randrange()"
-
- if n <= 0:
- raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange()"
- return istart + istep*int(self.random() * n)
-
- def randint(self, a, b):
- """Return random integer in range [a, b], including both end points.
- """
-
- return self.randrange(a, b+1)
-
- ## -------------------- sequence methods -------------------
-
- def choice(self, seq):
- """Choose a random element from a non-empty sequence."""
- return seq[int(self.random() * len(seq))]
-
- def shuffle(self, x, random=None, int=int):
- """x, random=random.random -> shuffle list x in place; return None.
-
- Optional arg random is a 0-argument function returning a random
- float in [0.0, 1.0); by default, the standard random.random.
-
- Note that for even rather small len(x), the total number of
- permutations of x is larger than the period of most random number
- generators; this implies that "most" permutations of a long
- sequence can never be generated.
- """
-
- if random is None:
- random = self.random
- for i in xrange(len(x)-1, 0, -1):
- # pick an element in x[:i+1] with which to exchange x[i]
- j = int(random() * (i+1))
- x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
-
- ## -------------------- real-valued distributions -------------------
-
- ## -------------------- uniform distribution -------------------
-
- def uniform(self, a, b):
- """Get a random number in the range [a, b)."""
- return a + (b-a) * self.random()
-
- ## -------------------- normal distribution --------------------
-
- def normalvariate(self, mu, sigma):
- """Normal distribution.
-
- mu is the mean, and sigma is the standard deviation.
-
- """
- # mu = mean, sigma = standard deviation
-
- # Uses Kinderman and Monahan method. Reference: Kinderman,
- # A.J. and Monahan, J.F., "Computer generation of random
- # variables using the ratio of uniform deviates", ACM Trans
- # Math Software, 3, (1977), pp257-260.
-
- random = self.random
- while 1:
- u1 = random()
- u2 = random()
- z = NV_MAGICCONST*(u1-0.5)/u2
- zz = z*z/4.0
- if zz <= -_log(u2):
- break
- return mu + z*sigma
-
- ## -------------------- lognormal distribution --------------------
-
- def lognormvariate(self, mu, sigma):
- """Log normal distribution.
-
- If you take the natural logarithm of this distribution, you'll get a
- normal distribution with mean mu and standard deviation sigma.
- mu can have any value, and sigma must be greater than zero.
-
- """
- return _exp(self.normalvariate(mu, sigma))
-
- ## -------------------- circular uniform --------------------
-
- def cunifvariate(self, mean, arc):
- """Circular uniform distribution.
-
- mean is the mean angle, and arc is the range of the distribution,
- centered around the mean angle. Both values must be expressed in
- radians. Returned values range between mean - arc/2 and
- mean + arc/2 and are normalized to between 0 and pi.
-
- Deprecated in version 2.3. Use:
- (mean + arc * (Random.random() - 0.5)) % Math.pi
-
- """
- # mean: mean angle (in radians between 0 and pi)
- # arc: range of distribution (in radians between 0 and pi)
-
- return (mean + arc * (self.random() - 0.5)) % _pi
-
- ## -------------------- exponential distribution --------------------
-
- def expovariate(self, lambd):
- """Exponential distribution.
-
- lambd is 1.0 divided by the desired mean. (The parameter would be
- called "lambda", but that is a reserved word in Python.) Returned
- values range from 0 to positive infinity.
-
- """
- # lambd: rate lambd = 1/mean
- # ('lambda' is a Python reserved word)
-
- random = self.random
- u = random()
- while u <= 1e-7:
- u = random()
- return -_log(u)/lambd
-
- ## -------------------- von Mises distribution --------------------
-
- def vonmisesvariate(self, mu, kappa):
- """Circular data distribution.
-
- mu is the mean angle, expressed in radians between 0 and 2*pi, and
- kappa is the concentration parameter, which must be greater than or
- equal to zero. If kappa is equal to zero, this distribution reduces
- to a uniform random angle over the range 0 to 2*pi.
-
- """
- # mu: mean angle (in radians between 0 and 2*pi)
- # kappa: concentration parameter kappa (>= 0)
- # if kappa = 0 generate uniform random angle
-
- # Based upon an algorithm published in: Fisher, N.I.,
- # "Statistical Analysis of Circular Data", Cambridge
- # University Press, 1993.
-
- # Thanks to Magnus Kessler for a correction to the
- # implementation of step 4.
-
- random = self.random
- if kappa <= 1e-6:
- return TWOPI * random()
-
- a = 1.0 + _sqrt(1.0 + 4.0 * kappa * kappa)
- b = (a - _sqrt(2.0 * a))/(2.0 * kappa)
- r = (1.0 + b * b)/(2.0 * b)
-
- while 1:
- u1 = random()
-
- z = _cos(_pi * u1)
- f = (1.0 + r * z)/(r + z)
- c = kappa * (r - f)
-
- u2 = random()
-
- if not (u2 >= c * (2.0 - c) and u2 > c * _exp(1.0 - c)):
- break
-
- u3 = random()
- if u3 > 0.5:
- theta = (mu % TWOPI) + _acos(f)
- else:
- theta = (mu % TWOPI) - _acos(f)
-
- return theta
-
- ## -------------------- gamma distribution --------------------
-
- def gammavariate(self, alpha, beta):
- """Gamma distribution. Not the gamma function!
-
- Conditions on the parameters are alpha > 0 and beta > 0.
-
- """
-
- # alpha > 0, beta > 0, mean is alpha*beta, variance is alpha*beta**2
-
- # Warning: a few older sources define the gamma distribution in terms
- # of alpha > -1.0
- if alpha <= 0.0 or beta <= 0.0:
- raise ValueError, 'gammavariate: alpha and beta must be > 0.0'
-
- random = self.random
- if alpha > 1.0:
-
- # Uses R.C.H. Cheng, "The generation of Gamma
- # variables with non-integral shape parameters",
- # Applied Statistics, (1977), 26, No. 1, p71-74
-
- ainv = _sqrt(2.0 * alpha - 1.0)
- bbb = alpha - LOG4
- ccc = alpha + ainv
-
- while 1:
- u1 = random()
- u2 = random()
- v = _log(u1/(1.0-u1))/ainv
- x = alpha*_exp(v)
- z = u1*u1*u2
- r = bbb+ccc*v-x
- if r + SG_MAGICCONST - 4.5*z >= 0.0 or r >= _log(z):
- return x * beta
-
- elif alpha == 1.0:
- # expovariate(1)
- u = random()
- while u <= 1e-7:
- u = random()
- return -_log(u) * beta
-
- else: # alpha is between 0 and 1 (exclusive)
-
- # Uses ALGORITHM GS of Statistical Computing - Kennedy & Gentle
-
- while 1:
- u = random()
- b = (_e + alpha)/_e
- p = b*u
- if p <= 1.0:
- x = pow(p, 1.0/alpha)
- else:
- # p > 1
- x = -_log((b-p)/alpha)
- u1 = random()
- if not (((p <= 1.0) and (u1 > _exp(-x))) or
- ((p > 1) and (u1 > pow(x, alpha - 1.0)))):
- break
- return x * beta
-
-
- def stdgamma(self, alpha, ainv, bbb, ccc):
- # This method was (and shall remain) undocumented.
- # This method is deprecated
- # for the following reasons:
- # 1. Returns same as .gammavariate(alpha, 1.0)
- # 2. Requires caller to provide 3 extra arguments
- # that are functions of alpha anyway
- # 3. Can't be used for alpha < 0.5
-
- # ainv = sqrt(2 * alpha - 1)
- # bbb = alpha - log(4)
- # ccc = alpha + ainv
- import warnings
- warnings.warn("The stdgamma function is deprecated; "
- "use gammavariate() instead",
- DeprecationWarning)
- return self.gammavariate(alpha, 1.0)
-
-
-
- ## -------------------- Gauss (faster alternative) --------------------
-
- def gauss(self, mu, sigma):
- """Gaussian distribution.
-
- mu is the mean, and sigma is the standard deviation. This is
- slightly faster than the normalvariate() function.
-
- Not thread-safe without a lock around calls.
-
- """
-
- # When x and y are two variables from [0, 1), uniformly
- # distributed, then
- #
- # cos(2*pi*x)*sqrt(-2*log(1-y))
- # sin(2*pi*x)*sqrt(-2*log(1-y))
- #
- # are two *independent* variables with normal distribution
- # (mu = 0, sigma = 1).
- # (Lambert Meertens)
- # (corrected version; bug discovered by Mike Miller, fixed by LM)
-
- # Multithreading note: When two threads call this function
- # simultaneously, it is possible that they will receive the
- # same return value. The window is very small though. To
- # avoid this, you have to use a lock around all calls. (I
- # didn't want to slow this down in the serial case by using a
- # lock here.)
-
- random = self.random
- z = self.gauss_next
- self.gauss_next = None
- if z is None:
- x2pi = random() * TWOPI
- g2rad = _sqrt(-2.0 * _log(1.0 - random()))
- z = _cos(x2pi) * g2rad
- self.gauss_next = _sin(x2pi) * g2rad
-
- return mu + z*sigma
-
- ## -------------------- beta --------------------
- ## See
- ## http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?func=detailbug&bug_id=130030&group_id=5470
- ## for Ivan Frohne's insightful analysis of why the original implementation:
- ##
- ## def betavariate(self, alpha, beta):
- ## # Discrete Event Simulation in C, pp 87-88.
- ##
- ## y = self.expovariate(alpha)
- ## z = self.expovariate(1.0/beta)
- ## return z/(y+z)
- ##
- ## was dead wrong, and how it probably got that way.
-
- def betavariate(self, alpha, beta):
- """Beta distribution.
-
- Conditions on the parameters are alpha > -1 and beta} > -1.
- Returned values range between 0 and 1.
-
- """
-
- # This version due to Janne Sinkkonen, and matches all the std
- # texts (e.g., Knuth Vol 2 Ed 3 pg 134 "the beta distribution").
- y = self.gammavariate(alpha, 1.)
- if y == 0:
- return 0.0
- else:
- return y / (y + self.gammavariate(beta, 1.))
-
- ## -------------------- Pareto --------------------
-
- def paretovariate(self, alpha):
- """Pareto distribution. alpha is the shape parameter."""
- # Jain, pg. 495
-
- u = self.random()
- return 1.0 / pow(u, 1.0/alpha)
-
- ## -------------------- Weibull --------------------
-
- def weibullvariate(self, alpha, beta):
- """Weibull distribution.
-
- alpha is the scale parameter and beta is the shape parameter.
-
- """
- # Jain, pg. 499; bug fix courtesy Bill Arms
-
- u = self.random()
- return alpha * pow(-_log(u), 1.0/beta)
-
- ## -------------------- test program --------------------
-
- def _test_generator(n, funccall):
- import time
- print n, 'times', funccall
- code = compile(funccall, funccall, 'eval')
- sum = 0.0
- sqsum = 0.0
- smallest = 1e10
- largest = -1e10
- t0 = time.time()
- for i in range(n):
- x = eval(code)
- sum = sum + x
- sqsum = sqsum + x*x
- smallest = min(x, smallest)
- largest = max(x, largest)
- t1 = time.time()
- print round(t1-t0, 3), 'sec,',
- avg = sum/n
- stddev = _sqrt(sqsum/n - avg*avg)
- print 'avg %g, stddev %g, min %g, max %g' % \
- (avg, stddev, smallest, largest)
-
- def _test(N=20000):
- print 'TWOPI =', TWOPI
- print 'LOG4 =', LOG4
- print 'NV_MAGICCONST =', NV_MAGICCONST
- print 'SG_MAGICCONST =', SG_MAGICCONST
- _test_generator(N, 'random()')
- _test_generator(N, 'normalvariate(0.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'lognormvariate(0.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'cunifvariate(0.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'expovariate(1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'vonmisesvariate(0.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(0.01, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(0.1, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(0.1, 2.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(0.5, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(0.9, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(1.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(2.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(20.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gammavariate(200.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'gauss(0.0, 1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'betavariate(3.0, 3.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'paretovariate(1.0)')
- _test_generator(N, 'weibullvariate(1.0, 1.0)')
-
- # Test jumpahead.
- s = getstate()
- jumpahead(N)
- r1 = random()
- # now do it the slow way
- setstate(s)
- for i in range(N):
- random()
- r2 = random()
- if r1 != r2:
- raise ValueError("jumpahead test failed " + `(N, r1, r2)`)
-
- # Create one instance, seeded from current time, and export its methods
- # as module-level functions. The functions are not threadsafe, and state
- # is shared across all uses (both in the user's code and in the Python
- # libraries), but that's fine for most programs and is easier for the
- # casual user than making them instantiate their own Random() instance.
- _inst = Random()
- seed = _inst.seed
- random = _inst.random
- uniform = _inst.uniform
- randint = _inst.randint
- choice = _inst.choice
- randrange = _inst.randrange
- shuffle = _inst.shuffle
- normalvariate = _inst.normalvariate
- lognormvariate = _inst.lognormvariate
- cunifvariate = _inst.cunifvariate
- expovariate = _inst.expovariate
- vonmisesvariate = _inst.vonmisesvariate
- gammavariate = _inst.gammavariate
- stdgamma = _inst.stdgamma
- gauss = _inst.gauss
- betavariate = _inst.betavariate
- paretovariate = _inst.paretovariate
- weibullvariate = _inst.weibullvariate
- getstate = _inst.getstate
- setstate = _inst.setstate
- jumpahead = _inst.jumpahead
- whseed = _inst.whseed
-
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- _test()
-